System of electrical distribution.



J. B. EN TZ.

SYSTEM OP ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION.

APPLICATION FILED HAY 2B, 1904.

Patented 0st. 11, 1910.

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SYSTEM 0I ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION. APPLIOATION FILED MAY 28.1904.l

Patented Oct. 11, 1910.

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J. B. ENTZ. SYSTEM 0F ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION,

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Patented Oct. 11, 191'0.

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APPLICATION FILED MAY 28,1904.

972,782. Patented o@t.11,191o.

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J. B. BNTZ. SYSTEM 0F ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION.

' APPLIOATION FILED HAY 28, `1904.

Patented Oct. 1,1, 1910.

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I APPLIUATION FILED MAY 28, 1904.

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J. B. BNTZ.

SYSTEM 0F ELEGTRIGAL DISTRIBUTION.

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J. B. ENTZ.

SYSTEM 0I' ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION.

APPLICATION I'ILBI)` IAY28, 1904.

Patented Oct. 11, .1910.l

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'UNITED sTATEs PATENT ornEroE.

JUSTUS IB. ENTZ, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO THE ELECTRICSTORAGE BATTERY COMPANY, 0F PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, A CORPORA- TIONOF NEV JERSEY.

SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Oct. 11, 1910.

Application filed May 28, 1904. Serial No. 210,156.

To all whom it may concern.'

Be it known that I, JUsTUs B. ENTZ, a citizen of the United States,residing at Philadelphia, in the county of Philadelphia and State ofPennsylvania, have invented a certain new and useful System ofElectrical Distribution, of which the following is a specification.

Objects of the present invention are to provide a system of electricaldistribution including storage batteries and which is especially adaptedfor train lighting; to provide for charging a storage battery in such aw-ay that it can be fully charged without overcharging it regardless oftemperature and other influencing conditions, to provide automatic andreliable means for charging one or more storage batteries upon theestablishment of generator voltage and for throwing the battery orbatteries into discharge upon failure of the generator voltage; toprovide for determining the full charge of a battery or batteries andswitching the same off of charge independently of failure of thegenerator voltage; to relieve the generator of overloads by trippingoii1 some of the batteries being charged and to accomplish thisselectively by irst tripping of the most fully charged batteries; to soconstruct and coordinate the various parts of the system of electricaldistribution as that the same will operate reliably even under suchconditions as are encountered in railway train service; to provide acontinuous supply of current from a generator and from storage batteriesand at the same time to automatically insure charging, but notovercharging of the batteries and to prevent overloading of thegenerators; to provide novel apparatus for assisting in theaccomplishment of the various objectsA named or some of them; to insureperfect reliability of the system in starting and'operating even afterperiods of rest.

To these and other ends hereinafter set forth the invention comprisesthe improvements to be presently described and finally claimed.

The nature, characteristic features and scope of the invention will bemore fully understood from the following description taken in connectionwith the accompanying drawings Iforming part hereof and in which-Figures 1, 2, and 3 are diagrammatic views illustrating a system ofdistribution embodying features of the invention and respectivelyshowing the battery excluded from the circuit, the battery in chargingrelation to the circuit and the battery in discharging relation to thecircuit. Figs. et, 5, and 6 are side views of a differentialelectromagnetic device provided with a controller embodying features ofthe invention and showing the positions of its parts which correspondrespectively with the conditions illustrated in Figs. l, 2 and 3. Fig.7, is a top or plan view of the electro-mechanical device shown in Figs.f1, 5, and 6. Fig. 8, is a transverse sectional view of a portion of thesame. Fig. 9, is a detailed sectional view drawn to an enlarged scale inorder to illustrate portions of the device shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 10, isa diagrammatic view showing the equipment of a locomotive and threecars, whereof the two nearest the locomotive are charging the batteriesand the other is neither charging .nor discharging the batteries. Thespeed controlling coils are shown, but the controller contacts areomitted because they are illustrated in the preceding figures, and Fig.11, is a semidiagrammatic view showing the solenoids, batteries andswitch, with connections in operative relation and corresponding t o theposition of the parts when the battery is oif of charge, as in Figs. 1and 4.

I will proceed to describe the invent-ion in connection with Figs. l to9 of the accompanying drawings.

There is provided on a car indicated between the lines A, A and B, B,(Figs. l to 3) a main battery a, al, means for controlling` the throwingof the same when fully charged, off charge, such as a pilot cell batteryb adapted to become charged prior to the main battery as will behereinafter described, and an electro-magnetic device provided with acontroller, Fig. l. Upon the locomotive indicated to the left of theline A, A in said figures there is a generator c, and an overloadcircuit breaker d, and there may be certain switches to be presentlydescribed and the various circuit connections will be explained.

The train or main circuit extends the length of the train and is shownto consist of a conductor l which may be doubled back upon itself, so asto equalize the voltage or prevent a drop of voltage at the rear end ofthe train. This circuit also comprises a conductor 2 and the lamps ortranslating de- Vices c, are arranged across these conductors and arelocated at appropriate points throughout the train. There are mainbattery conductors 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, and 8a and pilot cellconductors 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. There is also a comparatively highresistance switch circuit consisting of conductors 15, 14 and 16 and thelatter may be of tine wire. Y

Referring to Fig. 4t, f is an electro-magnet which is energized upon theestablishment of generator voltage as will be described. As shown theelectro-magnet is contained in a casing, but it consists of the usualcoil of wire and the usual core. Its core or armature is shown asconnected by means of links f1, with a controller arm pivoted as at f2in a suitable frame or bracket f3. This controller arm consists of twoparts f4 and f5 concentrically pivoted as at f2 and capable of lostmotion in respect to each `other by means of the slot and pin connectionf, and of being locked together so as to move as one or disconnected soas to be capable of independent movement within the limit of the slotand pin connection. The parts ft and are in the general form of nestedhollow rectangles and the part f* is connected with the links f1, and isprovided with a projection f7. The parts f* and f5, are pivoted togetherby a pivot f2, Fig. 8. This project-ion is shown to consist of the pointof a steel wire which projects through an opening at the end of the partf4, and is at its other end wound around or secured to the pin of theconnection The part f5, is provided with a pivotal trigger fs, one end fof which is adapted to engage and disengage the projection f7, and theother end of which projects outwardly for a purpose to be presentlydescribed. The pivotal trigger fs, is provided with a spring Y. The partf5, is provided with controller provisions f1", fll, and fm, and it isconnected with a spiral spring 7m, inclosed in a suitable barrel X andattached to the bracket f3. The tendency of this spring is to turn thepart f5, into the position shown in Fig. 6. The spring is illustrated asconnected pivotally with a pin X1 ranging transversely of the part f5and located in the rear of the part ft. Normally the spring on thetrigger f8, holds the trigger in such position that the part fg,overlies the projection 7", thus the two parts of the controller arm arelocked together and are raised and lowered as one piece by thecooperation of the core of the electro-magnet f, and the spring 7613.z', is a trip lever shown as provided with a roller 1, which undercertain conditions serves to trip the trigger f8. This lever z', ispivoted at 2 and is provided with the cores 3 and 4 of solenoids g andIt. The parts marked g, and h, are housings or casings which contain theusual coils that are employed with ordinary electro-magnets or solenoidsand they are not shown in the drawings because it is believed they areperfectly well understood. The lever 2, is pivoted at its center ofgravity. These cores are of the form of arcs of a circle and theycoperate with the pole pieces g1 and g2. The core 4, is shown ascounter-sunk at its end and the pole piece g1 as pointed. Thisconstruction effects beneficial results in the operation of the devicein that it extends the range of action of the parts. 5, is an adjustablescrew or stop the point of which abuts on the casing of theelectro-magnet g, and thereby fixes the position of the pivotal leverz', as shown in 5, and being an adjusting screw it affords means foradjusting' the cores 3 and it, in respect to their coils and to themagnetic elds thereof. The solenoid g, is of fine wire and appertains tothe main battery a, al, whereas the solenoid i, is of comparativelycoarse wire and appertains to the pilot cell b. 70, is a resettingspring or finger which is connected with the core of the solenoid f, andprojects into range of the part z', so as to hit it as shown in Fig. 6,and /fl is a back stop for this spring.

Referring to Fig. 6, the position of the various parts is shown when thesolenoid f, is not energized, that is to say, when the generator voltageis not established. Such a condition would occur when the locomotive wasnot connected with the train. Under these conditions the row of contactsf, is in contact with the row of contacts L, which completes a circuit,to be hereinafter described, in such a way that the battery isdischarging into the line. The linger la, is holding the trip lever e",in the position shown; that is to say, with its back stop in proximitywith the pole piece g1. If voltage be established in the generatorcircuit, for example, by the connection of a locomotive and theoperation of its generator c, the electro-magnet f, is energized by wayof a circuit that will be hereinafter explained. The result of this isthat the whole controller arm is turned into the position shown in Fig.5, because the trigger fs, is in engagement with the projection f7, asshownV in Fig. 9 and the spring fw, serves to hold these parts inengagement. During this turning motion of the controller arm the end ofthe trigger clears the trip roller il and the line of controllercontacts f1", is-

brought into contact with the line of terminals L. Under theseconditions the circuits, which will be described, are such thatthebatteries a, a1,'on all of the cars are put on charge. If any or all ofthese batteries are fully charged, such as are fully charged are cutout. In addition if there is an overload on the generator the batteriesmay be cut out beginning with those that are most t'ully charged. Theseresults are accomplished through instrumentalities and circuits whichwill be presently described and which produce a movement of the triplever upward. rllhe result of t-his is that the trip lever roller lengages the projecting' endv of the trigger f8, and turns it so as toclear the projection f7, for example, as indicated in Fig. 8. The resultof this is that the part f* remains stationary, but the part f5 beingtree is turned by the spring fla to the limits of the pin-and-slotconnections f, with the result that the row of controller' blankcontacts f, are positioned in contact with the row ot terminals L, Fig.et, and the eifect of this is to place the batteries connected with thecontroller out of the circuit, as will be presently described. Obviouslywhen the generator voltage is not established, for example, when thelocomotive is detached, the electro-magnet f, is demagnetized and thevarious parts which have been described are returned to the positionshown in Fig. 6; the weight of the core of the solenoid and attachedparts assisting in this resultand the finger 7c, serving to reset thetrip lever. In Fig. 3, the generator c, is disconnected from the circuitand this is indicated by the open switches m. In train lighting such acondition of affairs would exist when the locomotive is disconnected.All parts to the left of the dotted line A- A are on the locomotive andbetween the lines A-A and B-B is included a single car equipment andother similar car equipmentsmay beincluded in the circuit between theparts separated atI B-B. rl`he battery a, al with its cells in series isdischarging by way of the circuit which may be traced as follows: a, 6,controller bridge L1, 4ta, al, 7, 6a, controller bridge L2, 8, 2, lampse, line 1, 3 and 5 back to a. ln this connection it may be statedthatthe coil g is of high resistance but as it is bridged by thecontroller bridge L1, it carries a negligible amount of current. Thesame is also true of the conductor S with the resistance R, as these arebridged by the controller bridge L2 and conductor 8a. This places thebattery in series across the leads 1-2, across which the translatingdevices e are arranged so that they receive current from the battery inthe ordinary and well understood way, and obviously the electromagnet j,is excluded from the circuit, because its high resistance circuit path,15, leland 16 is interrupted at the latter conductor, the switch mf,being open and the dynamo c, entirely disconnected from the circuit.

Referring to F 2, a description will be given of the circuits upon theestablishment of generator electro-motive-torce or in other words, whenthe locomotive has been coupled to the train and its generator c,started.

T his condition of atl'airs is illustrated by the closing otl theswitches m which are shown open in Fig. 3. For the. sake ot descriptionit might be said that the closing of the switches n and m in theconductor 1G brings the electromagnet 7' into circuit by way of thefollowing paths, `generator c, conductors 1G, lil, 7, l5, battery a, 5,3 and 1, back to c, thus the coil f is subjected to the differencebetween the line voltage and the voltage of the haltl battery u, sincethe battery a andthe coil f are thus connected in series acrossconductors 1 and 1G. The result ot' this 1s that the core ot' thesolenoid f, is drawn upware and shifts the controller arm into theposition shown in Fig. 5 as has been described. in consequence of this,the batteries ca, (al are placed in parallel relation across the circuitso that they are charged thereby er at any rate are in proper relationto be charged. The circuit (Fig. 2) is then from 1 by 3 whence itdivides part going by o. 6, controller bridge L, (la through chargingresistance R by 8 to 2, the other part going by Al, controller bridgeLt, eta, el, 7, through R by S to 2. The function of the resistance R,is, since the battery when in series is approximatey ot the same voltageas the generator circuit and when in parallel is only about halt' thatvoltage, to prevent the battei-ies charging at too high a rate ot'current. The coil g is ot' high resistance and is in ettect in shuntaround the batteries c, al, which are charging in parallel. The branchcircuit 15, 14- and 1G is also of high resistance. At the same time acomparatively high resistance circuit is established by way ot conductor1, from generator c through the paralleled battery a a', the portion 9ot controller bridge L3, 11, Z), resistance rl, 12 to conductor 13,switch d, (which is closed), back to the generator. rhe voltage acrossthe pilot cell and its resistance ffl, is practically the drop involtage across the resistance R. The voltage ot the pilot cell is reliedupon to energize the coil H: it.' the charging current through theparalleled battery changes then the voltage across the resistance R,changes proportionately, causing the current charging the pilot cell tovar v accordingly. lt the battery a al, not tully charged this conditionot affairs continuas. that is to say, the battery continues to chargebecause the coil L. preponderates in respect to the coil g, and keepsthe trip rf in the position shown in Fig. The coil 71, under theconditions mentioned preponde-rates because the pilot cell is alwayscharged in advance. of the batteries cz, f1.1. For example, this can beaccomplished by employing as a pilot cell a battery which haspractically no capacity or very little in respect to the battries a.(il. The coil 71, is arranged around the pilot cell 721 by means ot theconductor 10 and there may be interposed in this con- ,battery coil gover the pilot cell coil L.

through coil /1- and thus insure the prepon-V derance of the pilot celluntil such resistance becomes sufficiently heated by the current passingthrough it to be less conductive, and the purpose of this is to insurethat the batteries a, al will at least start to charge before they arecut out by the preponderance of the cells a, al continue to charge, therelation of the current passing through the coils g and It changes. Thecurrent passing through it, as has been said is derived from the cell Z)and if desired might be said to be due to the difference in potentialbetween the lines 9 and 12, or between the poles of the battery and assoon as that cell is fully charged the pull of its coil z, remainsconstant, whereas the current passing tlnough the coil g causes its pullto approximate that of the coil /L as the batteries a, al, becomecharged, and when they are fully charged the coil g prepo-nderates andturns the trip lever as shown in Fig. 41, thus permitting the controllerarm f5, to move as has been described into the position shown in thatfigure. in which the batteries are excluded from the circuit and ofcourse current for the circuit is supplied wholly from the generator c.The equipment of each car operates independently of the equipment of theother cars, so that the batteries of any car when fully charged arethrown o-if independently of the batteries on any'other car or cars.

In Fig. 1, atl the top, the line L, of contacts is substantially an endview of the line L, of xed contacts (Fig. t) and the three rows ofcontacts f, flo, and f, aie substantially end views of the three rows ofcontacts carried by the arm f5, but in transposed relation; naturallythe contacts L, are superposed upon one row, the row f, (Fig. 5), hasbeen chosen. Furthermore the row fm, has been moved to the top of thesheet as it would crowd the drawing if it were placed below the row f,as in Fig.

Upon the establishment of generator voltage the batteries are all thrownon charge as has been explained, but if the charging of the batteriesand the operation of the translating devices e, would overload th-egenerator, the result would be that :the electro-magnet (Z1, interposedin the conductor 2 and located on the engine would attract its solenoidor core and open the switch l interposed in the conductor 13. The resultof this is to break the circuit through the pilot cells Z) of all cars,so that the coil 7L is weakened or denergized and the coil g operates toshift the trip lever 1l so as to throw the batteries o of charge. Thebatteries may be progressively thrown off charge, that is to say, themost fully charged batteries may be first disconnected from the As thecharging circuit. This may be explained as follows in connection with anumber of cars: The coil g (Fig. 2) is in eect, a high resistance shuntaround the batteries which are arranged to be charged in parallel sothat the difference in potential across the coil g of the most fullycharged battery will be the greatest. The coil it is in effect a shuntaround the pilot cell b and since the difference in voltage across thepilot cells in all the cars is substantially t-he same meaning therebyto all practical intents and purposes, it follows that the coil g, ofthe most fully charged battery will first preh ponderate over the coilL, which appertains tothat battery. Otherwise stated, as the differencein potential across the batteries varies according to the charge and asthe coils g have the same resistance, the coil of the most fully chargedbattery will have the most current flowing through it and will thereforeoperate first. As a result of this, the trip lever z' which appertainsto the most fully charged battery will operate to shift its complementalcontroller arm and throw the most fully charged battery off of charge.The same eect will be produced successively throughout the train untilthe overload is relieved. Subsequently the switch a may be opened so asto interrupt the current through all the solenoids f, thus bringing allthe controllers in the same position. The switch a is then closed thusbringing all the batteries onto charge and permit-ting the system tooperate as has been described.

Referring to Fig. 3, it is obvious that if the switch a, in theconductor 16, be opened and the switches m be closed, the batteries andgenerator will be in parallel across the line and that theelectro-magnet f, is not energized. Under these conditions the batteryand generator work in such a way that the battery is charged at times oflight load and discharges at times of heavy load. The pilot cell orbattery, when present, should have substantially the samecharacteristics, such as temperature, electrolyte density, etc., as themain battery and it should be adapted to become fully charged prior tothe main battery.

The pilot cell should be a reproduction as to substantialcharacteristics of the cells which make up the main battery and thepilot cell is always charged in advance of the main batteries of thecorresponding set; that is to say, the main batteries which it controls.This can be accomplished by charging the pilot cells in series with theparalleled parts of the main battery, or otherwise.

The operation of a storage battery is affected by temperature changes,condition of charge, and whether charging or discharging. The pilot cellcan be arranged to be exposed to the same conditions of temperature asthe main battery and its characteristics under different condit-ions maybe made substantially the same as those of the main battery, hence whenthe main battery is cut out by an instrument in which the voltage of thefully charged pilot cell is opposed to the voltage of the main batteryand by which when the latter exceeds the former. the main battery is cutout, it follows that the operation will take place properly under thevarying conditions which may arise and under the varying characteristicsof the batteries. The pilot cell may be kept charged in advance of themain battery by charging it in series with paralleled parts of the mainbattery as has been stated, or a cell may be used for a pilot cell,which has practically no capacity and therefore reaches a st-ate of fullcharge more rapidly than an ordinary storage battery would do on thesame circuit.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art to which my inventionrelates that modifications may be made in details without departing fromthe spirit thereof,'hence 1 do not limit myself to the precise inode ofstructure or procedure, but

Having thus described the nature and objects of my invention, what Iclaim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent isl. The combinationof a main battery, a pilot cell, circuit connections for passing currentthrough said main battery and causing the pilotcell to first becomefully charged, and two opposing magnets and means controlled thereby,one of said magnets controlled by the pilot cell voltage and the otherby the main battery voltage and said means operating to cut out the mainbattery when the effect of its voltage overpowers the effect of thevoltage of the pilot cell, substantially as described.

2. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell having substantiallythe same characteristics as the main battery, circuit connections forpassing current through said batteries under like conditions and causingthe pilot battery to lirst become fully charged, and means for opposingthe effect of the fully charged pilot cell and the effect of the mainbattery and for cutting the latter off charge when its effect preponderates, substantially as described.

3. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell, circuit connectionsfor passing current through said batteries and causing the pilot cell tofirst become fully charged, means for opposing the effect of the mainbattery and the effect of the pilot cell, and devices responsive to saidmeans for .interrupting the circuit through the main battery.

4f. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell, havingsubstantially the same characteristics as the main battery, circuitconnections for passing current through said batteries under likeconditions and causing the pilot battery to first become fully charged,means for opposing the eifect of the main battery and the effect of thefully charged pilot cell, and devices responsive to said means forinterrupting the circuit through the main battery.

5. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell having substantiallythe same characteristics as the main battery, circuit connections forpassing current through said batteries under like conditions to firstfully charge the pilot cell, devices responsive to the state of chargeof the main battery and pilot cell, and means controlled by said devicesand adapted to throw the main battery off charge, substantially asdescribed.

6. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell, circuit connectionsfor passing current through said battery and cell and charging the cellin advance of the battery, and an electro-magnetic device and itscircuit connections relatively responsive to the condition of charge ofsaid battery and pilot cell and provided with controller connections,substantially as described.

7. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell, a charging circuit,and an electromagnetic device having circuit connections and providedwith means adapted to interrupt the charging circuit, and said devicesresponsive to the relative conditions of charge of the main battery andpilotl cell, substantially as described.

8. The combination of a generator, circuit connections, a plurality ofbatteries in multiple relation to the generator and to each other,electro-magnetic switches appertaining to each of said batteries andresponsive to the establishment of generator voltage and to the failureof generator voltage for throwing the batteries into charge uponestablishment of such voltage and into discharge upon failure of suchvoltage, and tripping devices cooperating with said switches fordetermining the full charge of their corresponding batteries andswitching them when fully charged olf of charge independently ofgenerator voltage.

9. The combination of a generator, circuit connections, a plurality ofbatteries in multiple relation to the generator, an electro-magneticswitch for each battery which throws the battery in two paralleled partsinto charge upon establishment of generator voltage and throws it intodischarge upon failure of generator voltage, and a device for eachbattery for selectively switching that battery when fully charged off ofcharge independently of failure of generator voltage, substantially asdescribed.

10. The combination of a generator, circuitconnections and translatingdevices, a plurality of batteries in multiple relation to the generator,an electro-magnetic switch for each battery which throws its batteryinto charge upon the establishment of generator voltage and throws itsbattery into discharge upon failure of generator voltage, and means forrelieving` the generator of overload due to charging batteries byexcluding a battery or batteries from the charging circuit independentlyof failure of generator voltage, substantially as described.

11. The combination of a plurality of batteries in multiple relation andtheir charging circuit, and means responding to the condition of chargeof each battery and adapted upon an overload on the circuit to firstexclude the most fully charged batteries from the charging circuit,substantially as described.

12. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell, a circuitcontroller and its circuit, a trip lever, and electro magnets whosearmatures are connected with said lever and whose coils are respectivelyconnected one with the main battery and one with the pilot cell,substantially as described.

13. The combination of a main battery, a pilot cell, a pivotal triplever carrying armatures in the form of arcs of circles, coils for saidarmatures whereof one is connected with the main battery and the otherwith the pilot cell, and controller provisions and their circuitresponsive to the trip lever, substantially as described.

14. The combination of a pivotal trip lever, two arc-shaped coresattached thereto and whereof one is provided with a countersunk end,coils provided with pole pieces whereof one projects for cooperationwith said counter-sunk portion, and a main battery and a pilot cellconnected respectively with said coils, substantially as described.

15. The combination of an electro-magnet, a controller arm consisting oftwo parts whereof one carries the controller contacts and the other isconnected with the armature of the electro-magnet, a trigger forconnecting and dis-connecting said parts, a trip lever for tripping thetrigger, electro-magnets for operating the trip lever, and circuitconnections, substantially as described.

16. The combination of a controller arm, an electro-magnet connectedwith the controller arm, a trip lever, a resetting finger connected withthe electro -magnet and adapted to reset the trip lever, magnets foroperating the trip lever, and circuit connections, substantially asdescribed.

1T. The combination of a generator, a main battery, a pilot cell, anelectro-magnet responsive to generator voltage, a two-part controllerarm whereof the parts are normally connected together and are bothoperated when said magnet is energized to put the battery on charge andwhen it is not energized to put the battery on discharge, a

trip lever adapted to dis-connect the parts of said arm to exclude thebattery from the circuit, electro-magnets for operating the trip lever,and circuit connections, substantially as described.

18. The combination of a main battery, a controller and its connectionsfor placing the main battery in charging and discharging relation andfor excluding it from the circuit, a generator, an electro-magnetconnected with the controller and responding to generator voltage toplace the battery in charge or discharge, a pilot cell, a trip levercooperating with the controller to place the battery out of the circuit,and electro-magnets for operating the trip lever and whereof the coil ofone is arranged across the main battery and the coil of the other acrossthe pilot cell during charging, substantially as described.

19. The combination of a generator, circuit connections, a plurality ofbatteries, electro-magnetic switches appertaining to each of saidbatteries and adapted to throw same into charge upon establishment ofgenerator voltage and into discharge upon failure of generator voltage,tripping devices coperating with said switches for determining the fullcharge of its corresponding battery and switching it when fully chargedoff of charge independently of generator voltage, and means responsiveto an overload and coperating with said tripping devices forsuccessively throwing the most fully charged batteries off charge andthereby relieving the generator.

20. The combination of a main battery, a circuit controller and itscircuit, a pivotally movable member comprising a trip and an armature,the movable member so balanced that its center of gravity is coincidentwith the pivot, a fixed magnet coil connected with the main battery, andmeans connected with said movable member for opposing the pull of saidmagnet coil upon the armature to a predetermined degree, substantiallyas described.

2l. In combination a main battery, a charging circuit, an electro-mechanical switch for cutting the battery off charge said deviceresponsive to the battery voltage, and means operatively arranged inrespect to said switch and adapted to oppose the effect of the batteryvoltage, which means includes a. pilot cell and a charging conductortherefor the resistance of the conductor being less when it is cold thanwhen it is hot, substantially as described.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto signed my name this 27th day of May1904.

JUSTUS B. ENTZ.

In the presence of- K. M. GILLIGAN, lV. J. JACKSON.

